Recombinant erythropoietin, commonly called EPO, is a laboratory-produced form of the hormone erythropoietin. It stimulates erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow, promoting red blood cell production.

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have recognized applications in selected forms of anemia, including some cases associated with chronic kidney disease and particular cancer treatments.

Because excessive erythropoiesis can increase blood viscosity and cardiovascular risk, therapy requires clinical monitoring. Hemoglobin levels and the underlying cause of anemia are important considerations when determining whether an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent is appropriate.